Dairy products are essential components of human diets and increasingly important matrices in pharmaceutical and nanoformulation applications. However, their complex composition and high demand make them particularly vulnerable to adulteration. The intentional or accidental addition of chemical, biological, and synthetic adulterants compromises nutritional quality and introduces serious health risks, ranging from acute gastrointestinal illness to chronic toxicological effects and antimicrobial resistance. Conventional detection methods, while well established, often lack the sensitivity, speed, and adaptability required to identify low-level, emerging, or hidden adulterants in modern supply chains. This review critically examines the types of dairy adulterants and their associated health risks, highlighting limitations of traditional analytical approaches. It further explores the growing role of nanobiotechnology in dairy adulteration detection and control, including nanosensors, biosensors, functionalized nanoparticles, smart packaging, and real-time monitoring systems. By integrating nanobiotechnology with digital and AI-based tools, more proactive and effective food safety strategies can be developed to protect public health and ensure the integrity of dairy products. .