Climate change and environmental pollution pose serious threats to ecological balance, human health, and sustainable development. Existing mitigation and remediation strategies often struggle with low efficiency, high energy requirements, and incomplete removal of pollutants. Nanobiotechnology, an emerging field that integrates nanotechnology with biological systems, offers innovative solutions to overcome these limitations. By combining the high surface area, tunable reactivity, and transport properties of nanomaterials with the selectivity and catalytic efficiency of biological components, nanobiotechnology enables targeted and efficient environmental interventions. Applications range from carbon capture and greenhouse gas reduction to water, air, and soil pollution control through advanced remediation and sensing technologies. Enzyme immobilization, nano enhanced microbial processes, and bio hybrid materials have demonstrated improved performance in degrading persistent pollutants and enhancing renewable energy systems. This review critically examines recent advances in nanobiotechnology for climate change mitigation and pollution control, discusses associated environmental safety considerations, and highlights future research directions required for scalable and sustainable implementation of these technologies. .