Cervical Cancer and Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Comprehensive Review

Cervical cancer remains a major global public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where preventive and screening services are limited. Nearly 99% of cases are caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily types 16 and 18. The interaction between HPV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Chlamydia trachomatis, HSV-2, and HIV, contributes to persistent infection and accelerated carcinogenesis. Behavioral factors such as early sexual activity, multiple partners, smoking, and high parity, along with socioeconomic disparities, further elevate risk. Despite being highly preventable through HPV vaccination, regular screening, and early treatment, cervical cancer continues to claim over 350,000 lives annually. WHO’s 90-70-90 strategy aims to eliminate the disease by 2030 through vaccination, screening, and effective treatment. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, AI-assisted cytology, and immunotherapy have improved prevention and management outcomes. However, challenges such as low vaccine uptake, cultural stigma, and limited healthcare infrastructure persist. Strengthening awareness, integrating STI control, and expanding access to affordable preventive services are essential. Achieving equitable implementation of global strategies can transform cervical cancer into a rare and preventable disease within a generation. .