Nanotechnology in Biofertilizers: A Comprehensive Review of Advances and Applications

The increasing demand for food production has intensified the search for sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical fertilizers. Nano-biofertilizers, which integrate nanotechnology with beneficial microorganisms, represent a novel approach to enhancing nutrient use efficiency, soil fertility, and crop productivity. Their synthesis involves chemical, biological, or physical methods that ensure stability, compatibility, and controlled nutrient release. These formulations function through multiple mechanisms, including enhanced nutrient uptake, microbial activity stimulation, controlled release of nutrients, and stress mitigation, thereby improving plant resilience under adverse conditions. Applications of nano-biofertilizers extend to yield improvement, soil health restoration, sustainable farming practices, and precision agriculture. However, their large-scale adoption faces challenges such as high production costs, regulatory gaps, and limited understanding of long-term environmental impacts. Future research should focus on developing eco-friendly synthesis methods, establishing safety regulations, and conducting field-based studies to ensure widespread use in sustainable agriculture. .