Cervical Cancer Control and Eradication: Epidemiological Trends, Prevention Strategies, and Public Health Implications

Cervical cancer remains a significant global public health challenge despite being one of the most preventable malignancies. Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is the principal cause, providing a clear pathway for effective prevention through vaccination, screening, and timely treatment. Over recent decades, substantial declines in cervical cancer incidence and mortality have been achieved in many high-income countries due to organized screening programs and improved health system capacity. However, the burden of disease remains disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries, where limited access to preventive services, delayed diagnosis, and inadequate treatment infrastructure persist. Profound regional, socioeconomic, and gender-based inequities continue to shape disease outcomes. This review examines global epidemiological trends, determinants of cervical cancer risk, and advances in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies. It further explores surveillance systems, public health policies, and the World Health Organization’s cervical cancer elimination strategy, emphasizing the importance of integrated, life-course–based interventions. By synthesizing current evidence, this review highlights key challenges, progress, and research gaps, underscoring the need for sustained political commitment, health system strengthening, and equitable access to preventive services to achieve global cervical cancer control and eventual eradication. .