Advances in Pathology and Diagnostic Strategies for Cervical Cancer Across the Female Life Course

Pathology and diagnostic strategies for cervical cancer have undergone major transformation over the past two decades, driven by advances in molecular biology, digital pathology, and population-based screening. The shift from cytology-centered approaches to HPV-based screening has improved sensitivity for detecting high-grade cervical lesions, while biomarker-driven triage has enhanced specificity and reduced unnecessary interventions. Molecular tools including HPV genotyping, p16/Ki-67 dual staining, E6/E7 mRNA assays, and emerging methylation markers now enable more accurate risk stratification. Parallel progress in histopathology, next-generation sequencing, and digital diagnostics has refined lesion classification and expanded options for precision management, particularly in advanced disease. Importantly, these innovations must be interpreted across the female life course. Adolescents and young women benefit from conservative, fertility-preserving strategies, whereas molecular testing and vigilant assessment gain importance during reproductive and postmenopausal years, when glandular lesions and invasive disease are more prevalent. Advances in self-sampling, artificial intelligence, and computational pathology further support equitable access and diagnostic consistency. This review synthesizes contemporary developments in cervical cancer pathology and diagnostics, emphasizing life-stage–specific application and the integration of molecular, morphologic, and digital tools to optimize prevention, early detection, and clinical decision-making. .